Which Supreme Court case established the principle of judicial review?

The principle of judicial review was established by the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison. This landmark decision, issued in 1803, empowered the judiciary by allowing it to invalidate laws and executive actions that were found to violate the Constitution. Chief Justice John Marshall articulated that it is the duty of the judiciary to uphold the Constitution as the supreme law of the land, thereby affirming the role of the Supreme Court in interpreting constitutional matters.

This case set a crucial precedent for the balance of power among the branches of government, reinforcing the idea that the judicial branch has the authority to review and potentially nullify actions taken by the legislative and executive branches that do not conform to constitutional principles.