What does federalism refer to in a political context?

Federalism refers to a political system in which power and authority are divided between a central (national) government and regional (state or local) governments. This structure allows for multiple layers of governance to coexist, each with defined powers and responsibilities. The central government typically handles issues that affect the whole country, such as national defense and foreign policy, while regional governments manage more localized matters, like education and transportation.

The division of power inherent in federalism ensures that no single entity holds all the authority, fostering a system of checks and balances. This structure aims to accommodate diversity within a nation by allowing regions to maintain distinct policies that reflect their unique needs and circumstances, while still adhering to a cohesive national framework. The differing levels of government also promote engagement and innovation, as local governments can tailor their policies to better suit their constituents.

In contrast, the other options focus on more centralized or alternative governance structures. Concentration of power in a central authority runs counter to the essence of federalism, which is defined by its division of power. The idea that all power would be held exclusively by local governments doesn't account for the necessary national oversight that federalism provides. Lastly, the framework of political parties does not pertain directly to the concept of federalism, as it